Chunk #19 — 1 Definitions and Conceptual Framework for Reward Deficit in Alcoholism — 1.1 Theoretical Framework: Motivation, Withdrawal, and Opponent Process
Rats made dependent using chronic ethanol vapor exposure at blood alcohol levels sufficient to drive excessive drinking showed an increase in brain reward thresholds during withdrawal that lasted up to 3 days post-withdrawal (Schulteis et al. 1995). However, data suggest that, similar to other drugs of abuse, such opponent-like processes can begin with a single dosing (Fig. 2).
