A total of 8,847 subjects underwent gene-disease association analysis, including (i) a discovery cohort of 818 European-American cases with alcohol and nicotine co-dependence (476 males and 342 females; 38.3±10.2 years) and 1,396 European-American controls (422 males and 974 females; 39.4±10.4 years), (ii) a replication cohort of 5,704 European-Australian family subjects (1,856 families; 2,620 males and 3,084 females; 46.0±10.0 years; 907 affected offspring with alcohol and nicotine co-dependence including 366 females), and (iii) a replication cohort of 449 African-American cases (260 males and 189 females; 40.3±7.8 years) with alcohol and nicotine co-dependence and 480 African-American controls (170 males and 310 females; 39.6±8.6 years). Additionally, a total of 38,714 subjects of European or African descent in 18 independent case-control or family-based cohorts with 10 other neuropsychiatric disorders were analyzed. These neuropsychiatric disorders included schizophrenia, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depression, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), early onset stroke, ischemic stroke, and Parkinson’s disease (Supplemental Tables S1a and S1b).
