Male pubertal status was assessed using four questions: (i) ‘As people reach adolescence, their bodies begin to change. How much hair is under your arms now? Which sentence best describes you? Response options ranged from 1. ‘I have no hair at all’ to 5. ‘I have a whole lot of hair that is very thick, as much hair as a grown man’. (ii) ‘Is your voice lower now than it was when you were in grade school? Response options ranged from 1. ‘No, it is about the same as when I was in grade school’ to 5. ‘Yes, it is a whole lot lower than when I was in grade school; it is as a low as an adult man’s voice’. (iii) ‘How thick is the hair on your face’. Response options ranged from 1 “I have a few scattered hairs, but the growth is not thick” to 4 “The hair is very thick, like a grown man’s facial hair” (iv) ‘How advanced is your physical development compared to other boys your age?’ Response options ranged from 1 “I look
