As expected, we found that regardless of race, children of uninvolved and permissive parents were more likely to report HED at age 12 years than were children of balanced parents. This finding is consistent with most of the literature that has suggested that children of uninvolved or permissive parents were more likely to report alcohol use than were children of balanced and authoritarian parents (e.g., Adalbjarnardottir & Hafsteinsson, 2001; Benchaya, Bisch, Moreira, Ferigolo, & Barros, 2011). Contrary to our expectations, we found that for both racial subgroups (i.e., African American, Caucasian), children of authoritarian parents had a higher probability of abstaining from HED at age 12 years than were children of balanced parents, though only significant for African American youth. These effects held even after we controlled for gender, parental education, household structure, access to alcohol at home, and peer drinking. Although we did not expect authoritarian parenting to be more protective than balanced parenting, this finding is consistent with findings reported in other studies that found children of authoritarian parents had a greater likelihood of better outcomes as compared
