Our study has a number of limitations. First, we focused on SNPs from the HM3 panel, which only partially capture common genetic variation. However, although a significant fraction of height variance can be explained by common SNPs outside the HM3 SNPs panel, we showed that the extra information (also referred to as ‘hidden heritability’) remains concentrated within GWS loci identified in our HM3-SNP-based analyses (Extended Data Fig. 6). This result underlines the widespread allelic heterogeneity at height-associated loci. Another limitation of our study is that we determined conditional associations using a EUR LD reference (n ≈ 350,000), which is sub-optimal given that around 24% of our discovery sample is of non-European ancestry. We emphasize that no analytical tool with an adequately large multi-ancestry reference panel is at present available to properly address how to identify conditionally independent associations in a multi-ancestry study. Fine-mapping of variants remains a particular challenge when attempted across ancestries in loci containing multiple signals (as is often the case for height).A third limitation of our study is our inability to perform well-powered replication analyses of genetic
