Emotion or affect have an impact on health with positive affect or happiness associating with health and negative affect, bad feeling with illness. Psychiatric affective disorders cover a range of negative affect elements including anger, anxiety, melancholia, depression, major depressive disorder and substance use disorder. Drug addiction cues include a visceral emotional “gut” reaction, often one of uneasiness until the habit is satisfied. A variety of studies suggest that the extended amygdale, a neuroanatomic circuit including the amygdale, hippocampus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the nucleus accumbens integrate brain arousal–stress systems producing negative emotional states that promote the development of addiction (Koob and Volkow 2010). Mood and negative affect are reflected in the co-morbidity of addiction and depression. About half of individuals with a lifetime history of alcoholism also have depression (Miller et al. 1996; Schuckit et al. 1997) and reversal of depression and alcohol dependence are linked (Mueller et al. 1994; Greenfield et al. 1998). Progressive drug-induced negative affect and depression-like behaviors are important components of addiction (Koob and Volkow 2010). The overlapping findings of increased innate
