Second, we tested whether children following the childhood-limited pathway consume more services as adults than their peers following the low-conduct problem trajectory. Many children in this cohort (Odgers et al., 2008) and others (Veenstra, Lindenberg, Verhulst, & Ormel, 2009) exhibit elevated conduct problems in childhood that rapidly decline into the normative range. The question for these children is whether they are “true recoveries” and go on to have similar long-term health care and social service usage as their peers without childhood conduct problems. One longitudinal study reported a number of poor adult outcomes for individuals with childhood-limited conduct problems (Jennings, Rocque, Fox, Piquero, & Farrington, 2016). Our own prior findings suggested that those following the childhood-limited pathway were at a slightly elevated risk for anxiety and nicotine dependence in young adulthood, but that their overall mental and physical health prognosis was not markedly different than the cohort norm, that is, among those on the low-conduct problem pathway (Odgers et al., 2008). Thus we hypothesized that individuals following the childhood-limited pathway will consume slightly more services than their peers on the
