Alcohol use by the 9th grade was assessed using three aggregated “Yes” (1) or “No” (0) items: “Have you ever had a drink of alcohol?”, “Have you ever drunk more than just a few sips of alcohol?”, and “Have you ever been drunk from drinking alcohol?” (range = 0-3, Cronbach’s α = .79, M(SD) = 1.44 (0.52)).
