Second, the consumption of alcohol with food delays the gastric emptying rate and increases the exposure time to gastric ADH, which logically would result in increased stomach FPM (89). Third, drugs that decrease or increase gastric emptying cause a respective increase or decrease in FPM (90). Fourth, FPM is eliminated after gastrectomy or when alcohol is administered intraduodenally (91, 92). While these lines of evidence support the role of the stomach as the site of FPM, it should be noted that the elimination of FPM by gastrectomy and its modulation by food or drugs that alter gastric emptying does not conclusively prove that the liver is not the main site for FPM. The hepatic metabolism of ethanol exhibits saturation kinetics, which makes it extremely sensitive to variations in the gastric emptying rate (81, 93). Therefore, delayed gastric emptying would result in a slow arrival of alcohol to the liver, allowing for a more efficient hepatic FPM (93). While gastrectomy eliminates alcohol FPM (91), it is unclear whether this is due to the removal of the gastric source of FPM or
