have also been found to predict future increases in depressive symptoms. In addition, there is evidence that dependency predicts the subsequent onset of major depression in older, but not younger, individuals (Hirschfeld et al. 1989, Rohde et al. 1990). The concomitants and pathoplasty models have also received empirical support (Zuroff et al. 2004). Finally, there is some research indicating that dependency may increase as a function of depressive episodes (consequences model) in youth but not adults (Rohde et al. 1990, 1994; Shea et al. 1996).
