`C' and `E' in CU remains unclear. Combined, our findings support the interpretation that the environmental and genetic risks explaining average cannabis use also mediate the risk of affiliating with deviant peers. This conclusion has implications for intervention and harm reduction strategies. If PGD is a `downstream' consequence of CU, then earlier targeted interventions based on data which have clearly identified the `A', `C' and `E' risks in CU are required in order to reduce mean levels and variation in maladaptive forms of both CU and PGD.
