The concept of biological resistance exists and has relevance beyond infectious disease and addiction, however identification of those “at risk” may often be less discrete than having been exposed to an infectious pathogen or addictive substance and instead rely on ad hoc definitions of liability. Freudenberg-Hua (Freudenberg-Hua et al., 2014) focused on whole genome sequencing of 44 centenarians with known common disease risk factors (e.g., obesity, smoking) but who were healthy in a quest to identify disease-protective variants. The study of overweight individuals without Type 2 Diabetes successfully identified resistance variants in SLC30A8 (Flannick et al., 2014). In a study of 500 Ashkenazi Jews over 95 years old, adinopectin resistance mutations, protective against arterial inflammation, and resistance mutations in the cholesterylester transfer protein gene, protective against high cholesterol and consequent health outcomes, were identified (Barzilai & Gabriely, 2010; Schechter, Barzilai, Crandall, & Atzmon, 2010). Not all investigations of genetic resistance in subjects at-risk for but without disease have yielded similar successes. For example, recently a genome sequencing study of 454 “wellderly” subjects over 80 with no chronic disease, failed to
