genetic techniques such as genomewide association studies, sequencing strategies, and investigations of copy number variation, combined with admixture analyses will shed further light on this issue. Additionally, a number of environmental factors could be targeted to potentially reduce rates of substance dependence. These include: general economic and educational conditions, personal and historical trauma [9-10], early age of onset of drinking [11] as well as lack of contingency between access to basic life reinforcers (employment, housing, education and health care) and sobriety [12]. Interventions that address underage drinking such as motivational interviewing [66], as well as tribal agreements to address social norms concerning drug and alcohol usage and associated trauma, have the potential to substantially reduce substance use in these populations. Additional studies in the genetics of substance abuse in Native Americans are recommended especially when key environmental variables are accounted for and gene-environment interplay can be assessed.
