factor, but fewer types of drugs and at a lower rate compared with Externalizing. We found 16 and 28 druggable targets and 181 and 231 drug-gene interactions for residual PAU and PTU, respectively (Supplementary Table 19). We found that the associations for residual-PAU were specific; the only MAT drugs identified, disulfiram and naltrexone, are used to treat problematic alcohol use. In contrast, drugs used in MAT identified for residual-PTU spanned a wider range of SUDs (e.g., varenicline, methadone hydrochloride, and disulfiram).