former corresponding to the average effect-sizes for associated genes observed in a large GWAS of height56 and the latter to high-effect loci). Association between SNP and phenotype was estimated in the 5,000 individuals (standard Z-score), and the phenotype generation repeated with different environmental noise (up to 60 times) to generate results from multiple GWAS sub-studies. Association statistics from each run were then meta-analyzed to reach precision corresponding to a larger GWAS of desired size (up to 300,000) (Supplementary Note).
