be fundamentally different when compared to what happens in utero. Despite this, mice are still commonly used, and many common features of FASD that are observed in human subjects are also observed in mice, including craniofacial abnormalities (47, 113, 157), eye malformation (47), growth retardation (162, 163, 166), and cognitive deficits (111, 156, 159–161, 163, 165) [see Ref. (169) for review]. These deficits have been observed across the lifespan (i.e., in neonatal, adolescent, adult, and aged animals) and with all routes of exposure, although the severe growth malformations and facial deficits are often not apparent in models with lower BACs. As well as fundamental studies on the underlying pathologies associated with PNEE, mouse models are also useful for examining potential therapeutics (156).
