early phase clinical trials (Becker and Greig, 2010). In the context of AUD, animal models typically focus on consumption phenotypes (Lynch et al., 2010). However, recent genetic data suggest that the shared heritability for consumption (Bierut et al., 2012; Clarke et al., 2017) and alcohol dependence (Clarke et al., 2011; Mbarek et al., 2015; Zuo et al., 2014) is low. Furthermore, animal models typically focus on modeling variants of protein-coding genes, but a large number of AUD-linked SNPs are not in coding sequences (Zuo et al., 2014) and non-coding sequences tend to be species specific (Batzoglou et al., 2000).
