Coles et al34 compared children with prenatal alcohol exposure, children with ADHD without prenatal alcohol exposure, and control children with neither prenatal alcohol exposure nor ADHD. They used traditional behavioral and psychiatric measures of ADHD and externalizing behavior and neurocognitive measures of a four-factor model of attention. Children with FAS or FAE had similar global intellectual deficits to children with ADHD. Both groups had difficulty with sequential functioning, but the FAS/FAE group had greater difficulties on visual-spatial reasoning. The FAS/FAE group struggled on arithmetic, while ADHD group were poorer on reading/decoding. The FAS/FAE group had nonsignificant decreases in scores on reading/decoding. Both the FAS/FAE and ADHD groups had trouble with coding in the revised edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. The FAS/FAE children had problems with encoding on the second list of the paired-associate task and the number of categories completed on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). On behavioral measures, the ADHD group scored highest on the Child Behavior Checklist, the SNAP and the DISC (diagnostic interview schedule for children) interview items but the FAS/FAE group only
