The “missing heritability” problem is a similar unresolved issue in the behavioral genetic literature (Maher, 2008). Just as researchers have largely been unable to find measured environments that can account for substantial amounts of the latent environmental influences found in twin models, measured genes have been found to account for only a minute portion of variance in personality with very few replicable genetic markers (Terracciano et al., 2010). Establishing an array of genetic variants that reliably predict personality variation would be strong support for biological models of personality. Again, the current results indicate that lasting genetic influences affect personality. The prevailing perspective is that thousands of genes have an infinitesimal influence on complex phenotypes, but with large enough sample sizes, these effects should be able to be reliably detected (Plomin, 2013). However, Vinkhuyzen et al. (2012) used genome-wide complex trait analysis and were able to account for only about a third of the missing heritability for personality. This method is considered “assumption free” in that unrelated individuals are compared to one another on the basis of similarity among measured genes,
