Third, ACC lesions in macaques produce deficits in tasks that require learning of action-outcome relationships (Hadland et al., 2003; Kennerley et al., 2006; Rudebeck et al., 2008), though the designs do not identify whether it is representation of the value or other dimensions of the outcome that were disrupted. Lesions of rodent ACC produce selective deficits in cost-benefit decision making in which subjects must weigh up effort against reward size (Walton et al., 2003; Rudebeck et al., 2006); however, again, the associative structures concerned are not clear.
