Peer deviance was measured by the child’s report of friends’ deviant behavior on a questionnaire at ages 11, 12, 14, 15, and 16. We selected the common items assessed across ages to include in the peer deviance composite, which included asking the youth how often his or her friends: 1) steal things (from stores), 2) get into fights with other kids, 3) smoke cigarettes, 4) lie to parents/teachers, 5) get into trouble at school, 6) suggest that he or she do something illegal, 7) use bad language, and 8) do things that make him or her scared or uncomfortable. At ages 12, 14, 15, and 16, ratings were made about the youth’s friends in general. At age 11, the youth rated the deviance of the two children with whom they spent the most time. Ratings at age 11 were averaged across the two friends, and the scale of 1–3 at age 11 (1=never, 2=sometimes, 3=very often) was re-scored according to the corresponding levels of the 1–5 scale used at the other ages (1=never, 2=once in a while, 3=sometimes,4=fairly often, 5=very
