Results of multinomial logistic regression using 1,919 offspring at varying levels of genetic vulnerability for ND suggested ever smoking was associated with increasing offspring age, white race, high maternal pressure to succeed in school, sibling drug use, and friend smoking, alcohol and drug use. Offspring regular smoking was associated with these same factors with additional contribution from maternal ND. Offspring ND was associated with increasing offspring age, male gender, biological parents divorce, high genetic risk from father and mother ND, maternal problem drinking, maternal rule inconsistency and sibling drug use, and friend smoking, alcohol and drug use. To our knowledge these findings are novel in that family and non-family measured environmental factors contribute to offspring smoking outcomes after controlling for familial vulnerability.
