ANOVA results along with effect-size estimates for the quantitative indicators of disinhibited behavior are given in Table 3. Across all adolescents, adoption status was unrelated to any quantitative indicator of disinhibited behavior save disruptive disorder symptom counts. Exposure to parent smoking was associated with three quantitative indicators of disinhibition: delinquency, antisocial attitudes, and harm avoidance. Adoptees exposed to parent smoking were not at increased risk for any of the quantitative indicators of disinhibition when compared with adoptees who were not exposed. Conversely, non-adopted adolescents exposed to parent smoking reported significantly higher levels of delinquent behavior, more tolerance of antisocial behavior, greater acceptance of aggressive behavior, and lower levels of harm avoidance than non-adopted adolescents who were not exposed. In addition, the best-estimate symptom counts for disruptive behavior disorders were significantly higher in non-adopted adolescents exposed to parent smoking when compared with those who were unexposed. Significant effect sizes (ES) were moderate, ranging from .36 to .59. Finally, the interaction between adoption status and exposure was significant for all indicators of disinhibition, indicating a larger exposure effect in biologically related families.
