Our study has several limitations. Owing to the modest sample size, we did not have sufficient power to test for sex differences. Some studies have suggested that girls are more susceptible to environmental influences during adolescence,61,62 and potential sex differences in the effect reported here should be explored in larger samples. Additionally, we used maternal reports of parental monitoring in this study. Previous studies have found that differences in how monitoring is measured (eg, parent vs child report, observation) can lead to different conclusions, including in genetic studies.63 Accordingly, the robustness of this finding across different measures of monitoring should be explored.
