Participants from both trials were recruited through direct provider referral, flyers, advertisements, public service announcements and outreach to community organizations. Inclusion criteria for trial 1 (n = 407) were smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day and smoking within 30 minutes of awakening. Inclusion criteria for trial 2 (n = 403) were smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day and being at least 50 years old. Intention to quit smoking was an inclusion criterion for both trials. Exclusion criteria for both trials were inability to speak English, use of psychiatric drugs, presence of a condition that contraindicated use of pharmacological treatments or presence of conditions that might interfere with compliance with protocol (e.g. severe alcohol abuse) or greatly complicate treatment (e.g. acutely life-threatening disease). An additional exclusion criterion of trial 1 was age younger than 18 years.
