Antisocial behavior and deviant peer association are highly associated and play similar roles in predicting problem outcomes, including substance use (Capaldi et al., 2002; Dishion et al., 1999). The constructs were strongly associated at Grade 6 (r = .73, p <.001). Similar results for the two as separate predictors were found in preliminary analyses, thus a combined construct of antisocial behavior and deviant peer association was used in subsequent analyses.
