Sociodemographic characteristics included gender, race/ethnicity using the five groups available in NESARC (White; Black; Native American or Alaskan Native; Asian, Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander; and Hispanic or Latino), marital status (never married, previously married, and currently married/living with someone as if married), family income (0–19,999; 20k-34,999; 35k-69,999; and >=70k), and education (less than high school, high school or GED equivalent, and greater than high school). We used a continuous variable for age. We also included a variable representing respondents’ familiarity with persons with alcohol problems, coded as positive for those reporting alcohol problems in any first-degree relative or any live-in relationship with a partner, which could reduce perceived stigma (Keyes et al. 2010). Prior studies have demonstrated an association between perceived alcohol stigma and these variables (Keyes et al. 2010; Smith et al. 2010). We also created a variable for prior alcohol treatment (see Sensitivity Analyses). The NESARC W1 and W2 interviews asked “Have you ever gone anywhere or seen anyone for a reason that was related in any way to your drinking …” and presented a list of 13
