Figure 2 summarizes the results of the path analysis. Path modeling results are shown in Table 3, which includes the coefficients and p-values for the paths shown in Figure 1, as well as indirect effects. As hypothesized, EXT PGS was positively associated with externalizing behavior and peer substance use at T1, and negatively associated with parental knowledge at T1. All stability paths between T1 and T2 (e.g., T1 parental knowledge and T2 parental knowledge) were significant (ps < .01). Further, within-time covariation paths (e.g., T1 parental knowledge with T1 externalizing behavior) were all significant (ps < .01). Controlling for covariation links among domains within time or stability within domains between T1 and T2, peer substance use at T1 predicted T2 externalizing behavior (p < .01). T1 parental knowledge was, however, not significantly associated with T2 externalizing behavior (p = .07). T1 externalizing behavior was not associated with subsequent parental knowledge nor peer substance use at T2. However, T1 parental knowledge predicted lower levels of perceived peer substance use at T2.
