alcoholics were impaired in identifying semantic content when it did not match affective prosody and in matching affective prosody to facial expressions, deficits that may be related to cross-modal difficulties (Oscar-Berman et al., 1990b; Maurage et al., 2007; Maurage et al., 2012a). Research has found that alcoholics responded abnormally to negative emotional stimuli (Clark et al., 2007) and overestimated the intensity of negative facial expressions such as fear, sadness, anger, and threat (Oscar-Berman et al., 1990a; Kornreich et al., 2001; Townshend and Duka, 2003; Clark et al., 2007; Maurage et al., 2009; Kornreich et al., 2013). Using images of morphed facial expressions with varying emotional intensities, Philippot et al. (1999) also reported that alcoholics overestimated the intensity of emotional expressions, and they misinterpreted most of the emotional expressions at all levels of intensity. Moreover, the alcoholics were unaware of their misperceptions.
