Nominally-significant linkage of a number of genomic markers to smoking phenotypes has been identified. Five reports on data from the Framingham Heart Study (smoking rate) [16], (> 0 cigarettes/day) [34], (>0.0138 pack/years) [12], two reports on data from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcohol [17,35], (cigarettes/day for 1 year) [13], ("habitual smoking > 20 cigarettes/day for > 6 months) [36], two reports on data from a sample recruited in Christchurch, New Zealand (Fagerstrom) [18,19], two reports on data from a sample recruited in Richmond, Virginia (Fagerstrom) [18,19], as well as single reports on linkage data from Mission Indians (smoking daily > 1 mo; smoking > 10 cigarettes/day > 1 year) [14], Oregon Smoking in Families Study (Fagerstrom and nicotine dependence measures) [20], and Yale Anxiety Clinic pedigree members (> 20 cigarettes/day for >1 year or > 10 cigarettes/day for > 10 years) [15] add to the list of markers with nominally-significant linkage to smoking phenotypes. Support for cadherin 13 is enhanced by the linkages to D16S422 and D16S684 identified by Straub and by Sullivan [18] in New Zealand samples (also, see below).
