Cell mobility was determined with a wound healing assay. As described previously [27], HCC cells were grown to full confluence in 24-well plates. After the cells had grown to confluency a “wound” was created by scratching the length of the well with a 1,000 μl pipette tip. Images were captured with an inverted digital camera at 0, 24 and 48 h. Cell migration was quantitated by measuring the width of the wound at each time point. Each assay was replicated three times.