cannot have a direct impact on personality. Additional empirical support for this biologically-oriented perspective includes molecular genetic associations with personality (de Moor et al., 2010; Terracciano et al., 2010; Webb et al. 2012; Vinkhuyzen et al., 2012), parallel cross-cultural age-trends in population-mean trait levels (McCrae et al., 1999; cf. Bleidorn et al., 2013), and findings of personality change as a result of alterations to the biological bases of personality in terms of extreme trauma (Damasio, Grabowski, Frank, Galaburda, & Damasio, 1994), parasitic infection (Lindová, Příplatová, & Flegr, 2012), surgery (Zhao et al., 2012), and pharmaceutical effects (Tang et al., 2009), to name only a few examples.
