Our genetic correlation analyses revealed a suggestive positive genetic correlation of ASB with neuroticism, which is concordant with previous twin research demonstrating a shared genetic etiology of externalizing behaviour and negative emotionality(Singh & Waldman, 2010). Moreover, we found significant genetic overlap between ASB and educational attainment, indicating a common underlying genetic architecture influencing both phenotypes. The negative genetic correlation with educational attainment is consistent with previous epidemiological studies reporting a negative association between academic performance and delinquency(Maguin & Loeber, 1996). This finding is important, as it may shed some light on the developmental pathways that underlie the relationship between academic failure and ASB(McEvoy & Welker, 2000). Strikingly, ASB also correlates with reproductive traits, thus fitting to the unified evolutionary theory that Boutwell and others proposed (Boutwell et al., 2015). Their theory suggests that increased criminality represents a faster life history approach, one that would be significantly calibrated by genes.
