More than 43% of the subjects (2,320) had a lifetime DSM-IV diagnosis of OD (1,404 men and 916 women). The three most common diagnoses were CD (76.5%), nicotine dependence (62.4%) and alcohol dependence (46.2%). Major depressive episode (MDE) was the most common psychiatric disorder (15.6%), followed by posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (14.6%), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) (12.7%) and compulsive gambling (8.8%). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) Wald Type 3 χ2-tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons showed that men were significantly more likely than women to have a diagnosis of dependence on cocaine (χ2(1)=39.3, p<0.001), alcohol (χ2(1)=72.3, p<0.001), opioids (χ2(1)=61.7, p<0.001) and other substances (χ2(1)=69.1, p<0.001), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) (χ2(1)=121.9, p<0.001) and compulsive gambling (χ2 (1)=112.4, p<0.001). Women were more likely to receive a diagnosis of a major depressive episode (χ2(1)=95.1, p<0.001), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (χ2(1)=41.5, p<0.001), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (χ2(1)=18.8, p<0.001), agoraphobia (χ2(1)=60.2, p<0.001) and panic disorder (χ2(1)=35.5, p<0.001).
