Cohort year was a continuous variable for years from 2005 to 2011. Gender was coded as male=1 and female=0. Race/ethnicity was dummy coded as White (reference group), Black, Hispanic, and Other. Parent college education served as a proxy for socioeconomic status, with the maximum of mother or father education coded as some college or more=1, no college education=0. Geographic region was defined as the region where the respondent’s school was located: South (reference group), Northeast, Midwest, and West. Population density referred to the area surrounding the respondent’s school, classified based on U.S. Census categories as large Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA, such as urban areas; reference group), Other MSA (such as suburbs), or non-MSA (such as rural areas). Religiosity was based on the self-reported importance of religion from not important=1 to very important=4.
