and internal carotid intima media thickness and plaque); from using different definitions of the indexed trait (waist circumference and waist to hip ratio to measure adiposity; forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC (forced vital capacity) to measure pulminary function; time to event and time to death to measure aging); from using other products of the same metabolic pathway (proinsulin and 32,33-split proinsulin/insulinogenic index/C-peptide; urinary albumin excretion and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio); and finally from using sub-phenotypes included and measured the indexed traits (different types of white blood cell count; different types of stroke; components of the metabolic syndrome; types of personality dimensions; Alzheimer’s disease and age of onset of the same disease).
