Spadoni, Simmons, Yang, & Tapert, 2013), and genetic risk factors (Hill et al., 2011; Villafuerte et al., 2012) in the absence of active alcohol use. We wanted to assess the independent contribution of active alcohol use on the developing brain, so we purposefully excluded studies that had a primary focus on co-occurring psychiatric or neurological disorders (Dalwani et al., 2014), or pharmacology (e.g., Franklin et al., 2012), or substance use other than alcohol. Finally, to be included, a study had to include the main effects of alcohol consumption on the adolescent brain, even if other substance use groups were in the study. Thus, the presented body of research does not represent the larger aggregate work and/or research conducted with animals (Robinson, Zitzman, Smith, & Spear, 2011; Spear & Varlinskaya, 2010).
