Chunk #3 — Introduction

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Genetic variation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor gene is associated with alcohol use disorders identification test scores and smoking.

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nicotine withdrawal (Kokkinos et al. 2007; Mutschler et al. 2012), while others report the decrease of ghrelin levels in saliva after acute smoking (Kaabi & Khalifa 2014) as well as, contradictory, increase in plasma ghrelin levels (Fagerberg, Hulten & Hulthe 2003; Bouros et al. 2006). The short‐term effect of smoking has also been shown to cause suppression in ghrelin plasma levels in non‐smoker but not in smokers (Kokkinos et al. 2007).