al., 1978). At the same time, there is a dampened HPA response to subsequent CRF or stress challenge (Lee et al., 2000; Rivier et al., 1990). Additionally, the ability of alcohol to activate the HPA axis is blunted following chronic exposure to the drug (Richardson et al., 2008a), an effect thought to contribute to perpetuation of heavy drinking (Lu and Richardson, 2014).
