Antisocial behavior converges in the same construct with drug dependence from adolescence to adulthood, and the heritability of this construct, at least in males, grows with age (Hicks et al., 2007). Behavior dysregulation/disinhibition and deviance become the core phenotypes in the quasi-society/family of a deviant group, and the ability to express them is the condition for membership (e.g., gang initiation rituals involving criminal acts). As noted by Mealey (1995), competitively disadvantaged youth may be seeking a social environment in which they may be less handicapped or even become superior. This is a potential source of homophily – phenotypic similarity of peers due to tendency for the phenotypically like non-relatives to aggregate in groups – that may to a large degree be based on direct behavioral phenotypic assortment, akin to phenotypic assortative mating. This may translate into an advantage for antisocial individuals and thus into their higher perceived Darwinian fitness—in deviant social groups (Vanyukov et al., 2003b). Inasmuch as antisociality is associated with substance abuse, the latter also turns into an indicator of fitness benefit. The existence of such groups is
