RNA interference (RNAi) induction and locomotion assays were performed as previously described (Kamath et al., 2001). Briefly, cultures of bacteria containing RNAi vectors corresponding to genes C16E9.1, C18H7.1, cutl-23 or empty vector (L4440) (Geneservice, Cambridge, UK) were plated on NGM plates with 1mM IPTG, and allowed to grow at room temperature for 24 hours. 3–5 fourth larval stage wild type N2 worms were placed on the seeded plates and incubated at 20°C and allowed to produce F1 progeny, which were maintained on RNAi cultures to adulthood. First-day adult F1 progeny were collected and subjected to behavioral analysis.