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Chunk #20 — DISCUSSION

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Gene Expression Changes in Glutamate and GABA-A Receptors, Neuropeptides, Ion Channels, and Cholesterol Synthesis in the Periaqueductal Gray Following Binge-Like Alcohol Drinking by Adolescent Alcohol-Preferring (P) Rats.
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Gene expression in other brain regions of these same animals has previously been studied (McBride et al, 2014; McClintick et al., 2015). In the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), 12,047 genes were detected, of which 3567 (30%) were differentially expressed; 1648 (46%) of these had decreased expression (McClintick et al., 2015). The PAG and DRN had 1280 differentially expressed genes in common with same direction of change (Supplemental Table 1). Although technical differences greatly affect the comparisons, microarray studies showed 182 named genes differentially expressed in central amygdala and 154 in the accumbens shell of these same animals (McBride et al., 2014). Only 4 genes were differentially expressed in the same direction (all increased) in all 4 of these regions: Cyr61 (cysteine-Rich, angiogenic inducer, 61), Dusp1 (dual specificity phosphatase 1), Ier2 (immediate early response 2) and Kif15 (kinesin family member 15).