An independent sample t‐test showed significant impairment in ID patients in both subjective sleep quality (PSQI: t 95 = 19.07, p < .0001; ISI: t 95 = 18.29, p < .0001) and objective sleep quality (SE: t 84 = 6.324, p < .0001; NREM 3 duration: t 84 = 6.828, p < .0001; SOL: t 84 = 4.774, p < .0001) compared to GSC at baseline (Figure S1). Following the course of active rTMS treatment, subjective sleep quality improvement was indicated by reduced PSQI and ISI scores (Figure 2a). Similarly, objective sleep quality improvement was observed, as evidenced by increased SE, NREM 3 duration, and shorter SOL (Figure 2b). No significant changes in subjective or objective sleep quality were observed in the sham rTMS treatment group (Figure 2). No significant differences were observed in MMSE, MoCA, BDI, and BAI scores before and post‐rTMS treatment.
