Parent-child closeness was assessed using 2 questions. Adolescents were asked how well they got along with their mother/father figure most of the time, and the response options ranged from 1 (poor) to 4 (excellent). The second item asked how close participants felt to their father/mother figure, and response options ranged from 1 (not at all close) to 3 (very close). Scores were standardized and averaged across the two items to create variables indexing mother-child and father-child closeness. Cronbach’s alphas were .63 for mother-child and .69 father-child closeness.
