and Lopez4 proposed a framework for global comparative risk assessment, which laid the basis for assessment of 26 risks in 2000.5–7 Since this work, WHO has provided estimates for some risks by the same methods but with updated exposures and some updates of the effect sizes for each risk.8 Analyses have also been done for specific clusters of diseases, like cancers,9 or clusters of risk factors, like maternal and child under-nutrition.10 National comparative risk assessments (including in Australia, Iran, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, USA, and Vietnam) have also been undertaken with similar approaches.11–16
