Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent in the United States, contributing to the global burden of disease and increases in morbidity and mortality.1,2 Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) alcohol use disorder (AUD) are 13.9% and 29.1%,3 respectively. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence of DSM-5 tobacco use disorder (TUD) and cannabis use disorder (CUD) are 20.0% and 27.9%4 and 2.5% and 6.3%,5 respectively. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence of DSM-5 nonmedical prescription opioid use disorder (OUD) are 0.9% and 2.1%,6 respectively. With a large proportion of individuals never receiving addiction-specific treatment and with treatments that are only modestly efficacious,7–11 it is of the utmost importance to understand the factors contributing to substance use development and maintenance, across all major classes of substances, in order to identify novel mechanisms and treatment approaches that facilitate better clinical outcomes in individuals with SUD.
