by chromosome and base pair location referencing different genome builds, and sometimes by a combination of both. Therefore, we propose a standard set of fields and a standard format, and we have developed a harmonization and QC process in collaboration with Open Targets (28) (see supplementary materials). Our standard format contains a minimal set of requirements that are included in the outputs from the most common GWAS analysis programs (such as PLINK, (29) and additional optional columns.
