Alcohol use was assessed with five items that indexed frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption: (i) ‘Do you ever drink beer, wine, or liquor when you are not with your parents or other adults in your family?’ Response options were 0 “No” and 1 “Yes”, (ii) ‘Think of all the times you have had a drink in the past 12 months. How many drinks did you usually have each time? (A ‘drink’ is a glass of wine, a can of beer, a wine cooler, a shot glass of liquor, or a mixed drink).’ (iii) ‘During the past 12 months, on how many days did you drink alcohol?’(iv) ‘Over the past 12 months, on how many days did you drink five or more drinks in a row?’ (v) Over the past 12 months, on how many days have you gotten drunk or “very, very high” on alcohol?” Response options for questions (iii) to (v) ranged from 1 “Every day or almost every day” to 7 “Never” and were recoded to assign higher scores to more frequent alcohol use. Items were standardized
