subjective responses to alcohol associated with increased risk for alcohol problems, however, remains unclear. In the Low Level of Response (LLR) Model, high-risk individuals experience a dampened response to the full range of alcohol effects; thus a LLR to alcohol appears to be an inherited intermediate phenotype for the development of AUDs (Heath et al., 1999; Schuckit and Smith, 1996, 2000; Trim et al., 2009). However, the Differentiator Model (DM) asserts that high risk status is associated with a greater response to alcohol’s positive, stimulant effects, which are most prominent on the ascending limb of the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) curve, and a lower response to negative, sedative effects, which are most prominent on the descending limb of the BAC curve (Newlin and Thomson, 1990).
