The COMBINE study[26] randomized participants (n=1,383) from 11 research sites across the US into medication management (MM) or combined behavioral intervention (CBI) and randomization to combinations of medications (acamprosate, naltrexone, placebo). Treatment occurred over 16 weeks. Inclusion criteria included being at least 18 years old, at least four days of abstinence prior to treatment, meeting criteria for alcohol dependence in the past year, and being literate in English. Exclusion criteria included comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, other illicit drug dependence, and any medical conditions that were contraindicated for naltrexone and acamprosate. The majority of participants in the COMBINE study (60.3%) expressed a preference for an abstinence goal during the baseline assessment.
